A literature review of disinfectants commonly used

A writing audit of disinfectants regularly utilized The reason for this writing audit was to look at the writing right now accessible to the overall population on the utilization of a scope of disinfectants utilized inside a microbiology research facility in both the open for example medical clinic research facilities and the private division for example college research facilities. This writing survey was completed on the viability of disinfectants with the goal that past and current information on the utilization of these disinfectants can be broke down. This will help give an understanding into the branch of knowledge and help with the readiness and creation of the last report dependent on the exploration being conveyed during the writing audit and examination venture. The principle motivation behind the examination venture being led was to look at the adequacy of an assortment of disinfectants particularly Trigene which has been embraced for use in the microbiology labs of the Greater Glasgow and Clyde wellbeing board and that of Virkon which is at present utilized by the microbiology research center at the University of the West of Scotland. The writing inspected indicated that the disinfectants utilized in clinical research centers and whatever other zone where microorganisms can cause an issue with cross-tainting, ought to be assessed for their viability against the scope of creatures which may be experienced. It is a significant necessity that the disinfectants being utilized can repress or slaughter the microorganisms rapidly and by utilizing the most reduced focus accessible. (Isenberg, 1985) An investigation directed by Kasthjerg et al (2010) which took a gander at the impacts of a scope of disinfectants on the declaration of harmfulness qualities present in the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. This investigation demonstrated that consequences for the destructiveness quality in the bacterium could be connected to the synthetic concoctions found in the disinfectant with some causing a restraint of the quality while others indicated an acceptance of the quality Disinfectants A disinfectant is a compound which is broadly used to annihilate an assortment of microorganisms that are as of now found in the examples got into a lab or are at present utilized inside an instructive setting for the educating of microbiology to understudies. Disinfectants can have any of the accompanying synthetics as their primary dynamic fixing: halogenated tertiary amines, chlorine containing mixes, phenols, quaternary ammonium mixes and peroxygen’s. (Tyski et al, 2009) Thus the disinfectants can be separated into bunches identifying with the synthetic present as the dynamic fixing and these gatherings will be talked about later in the report. It is significant that specific standards are met while arranging a synthetic as a disinfectant, these incorporate:- That the substance segments of the disinfectant won't adversy affect the strength of the client and on the off chance that any medical proble m is acknowledged, at that point fitting move can be made to expel this hazard for example use PPE, for example, gloves or respiratory cover. (Cuts off and Lamontagne, 2002) It. is likewise significant that the disinfectant can render idle or slaughter a wide scope of microorganisms including infections, microscopic organisms and parasites. (Cuts off and Lamontagne, 2002) It is likewise significant that a disinfectant doesn't have an unfriendly impact when utilized on hardware.

Gender Equality Essay Example for Free

Sexual orientation Equality Essay Independent of the nation and the way of life individuals live in, it is close to difficult to keep the subject of sexual orientation fairness covered up in the cutting edge society. At the point when the word sexual orientation uniformity was voiced in the nineteenth century what was been looked for was political rights. Then as well as today imbalance among people has been apparent in our general public. Victimization ladies is a demonstration that has had a great deal of negative effect in our general public and to the ladies themselves. This has been shown through sexual orientation savagery, financial segregation, conceptive wellbeing imbalances and unsafe conventional practices. It is a worry to the entire world to a state of making the governmental policy regarding minorities in society to fix this issue. Sex fairness as a matter of first importance is a human right; ladies are qualified for live in respect and in opportunity from dread and need (Tomasevski, 1993). Should people be equivalent in the cutting edge society? People are equivalent; just that ladies are survivors of deviant social advancement. Sexual orientation segregation among people prompts inconsistent access to the assets and advantages of improvement. see more:gender separation short article Sex disparity influences all individuals; feasible gains being developed and neediness decrease are just conceivable when people are full and equivalent members in the public arena. People are extraordinary however they are equivalent in that whatever men can do their ladies partners can do it well. People are equivalent what brings the segregation is the socialization that people get. The idea that ladies are powerless has denied numerous ladies with the capacity to abuse the capacities they have (Tierney, 2007). People are equivalent in such a large number of viewpoints and ought to be equivalent. Strategically, monetarily and scholastically no much distinction that can be noted, it is immaterial. In the political domains there are ladies who are doing extemporal well. Taking the case of the simply finished up US political decision Hillary Clinton had great help and movements that would be purchased by the remainder of the competitors. In the realm of business we have Oprah Winfrey; a pointer of what ladies can do. She is contending among the men in that field and still her prosperity is a danger to many. In the cutting edge society ladies have been known to take duties of raising the families. Ladies have come up so well in that their reliance level is going down despite the fact that they are separated in compensations. This is a proof enough that if ladies are given equivalent open door with men they can do a lot of well. In the business part ladies are accepting those open doors which were believed to be for men (Kramarae Spender, 2000). Ladies are directors of large organizations and furthermore proprietors similarly as men. They are additionally all around spoke to in the administration parts and in the legislature. They have become vocation creators. Men have the activity of sharing the family duties. It is a typical event that couples can pick whether it is the lady or the man who will get a leave to deal with their new borne child. People are equivalent according to the law; they are oppressed under a similar law. Ladies are equivalent to men in all viewpoints consequently in the advanced society they ought to get the privilege to fundamental needs, instruction, work preparing and work as men do. Enabling ladies is an extraordinary apparatus for decreasing neediness and propelling turn of events. Engaged ladies add to efficiency and wellbeing in the families and networks and henceforth improved possibilities for the people to come (Cross, 2001). The possibility that men are more grounded truly is only an inclination of a couple. In the event that ladies are given comparable open doors as men they can perform similarly well. Forswearing of chance has added to diminished execution of ladies in different zones. Then again the two ladies and men ought not overlook their jobs however sharing of obligations is flourishing in the cutting edge society. References: Cross, P. L. (2001): Womens Rights are Human Rights; Human Rights are Womens Rights. Recovered on 29th Dec, 2008 from: http://www. pinn. net/~sunshine/articles/w_rights. html Kramarae, C. , Spender D, (2000): Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Womens Issues and Knowledge. ISBN 0415920906, 9780415920902, Routledge Tierney, J. (2007): Men and Women, Different however Equal: What’s the Problem? Recovered on 29th Dec, 2008 from: http://tierneylab. web journals. nytimes. com/2007/09/09/people extraordinary however equivalent whats-the-issue/Tomasevski, K. , (1993). Ladies and Human Rights. ISBN 185649120X, 9781856491204, Zed Books

How to Write the Brandeis Supplement 2019-2020 TKG

How to Write the Brandeis Supplement 2019-2020 Brandeis is a medium-sized research university with a focus on the liberal arts less than 10 miles from the heart of Boston. If you’re looking for an excellent education on a close-knit campus with access to a major city, it may be a perfect fit. The medium-sized undergraduate student body (~3,600) is small enough to quickly feel at home. At the same time, having a train station on campus (yes, on campus!) means that the amenities Boston has in spades are never more than 30 minutes away. In addition to a reputation for rigorous academics, Brandeis is known for a strong history of social justice work on campus. From the student takeover of Ford Hall in 1969 to the myriad student clubs focused on furthering social good initiatives, Brandeis expects students to be informed and active global citizens. Last year, the acceptance rate was 31%. The Brandeis supplement isn’t long, but it does offer choice. There are three prompts, and you have to answer one of them in 250 words or fewer. We’ve broken each of the prompts down below, as well as an additional question that only applies to international students. Why would you like to attend Brandeis?This is the most common question on college supplements, but we have yet to get sick of it. Why? Because it gives you the chance to talk about yourself and to show admissions officials that you aren’t just applying to Brandeis on a whim. The key to acing this prompt is to do your research. A successful answer should include:  Your intended major (and undecided isn’t an option) One or two professors you’d like to work with and whyOne or two classes you’d like to take that are not part of the core curriculumA potential minor and how you feel it will pair with/intertwine with your major An extracurricular This answer can’t be a list, though. Just like with any other supplement, you need to tell a story. Focus in on what excites you most about Brandeis that is unique to Brandeis (so not the climate or the beauty of the campus). Use that as the lens through which to tell a story. If you visited, it sometimes makes sense to focus the story on your visit. Most of the time, we encourage students to talk about an educational experience that they’ve had in the last two years that you feel meshes with what you intend to achieve at Brandeis. For example, if you are looking to do lab work, you may want to write about an experience you’ve had in a lab and how you hope to continue such experiences while at Brandeis.  Justice Brandeis said, “Most of the things worth doing in the world have been declared impossible before they were done.” Tell us how you would implement change in society that others might think impossible. This prompt is alluring, but it also has some danger zones. The risk is buried in one word: “how.” Writing about something that you think should be changed isn’t too tricky. There is a lot we need to change about society to make it more just and equitable. Explaining how t hat is going to happen is the more delicate part. Answering this question well requires in-depth knowledge of an issue. Without that knowledge, it is easy to sound naïve or to suggest something that has already tried and failed. Because of this, we typically avoid this prompt unless a student indeed does have the deep knowledge that it requires. If you do want to pick this prompt, look local. Identify a problem in your community that you either experience personally or see others experience regularly. By zooming in on an issue that hits home for you, you are more likely to succeed in offering potential solutions. What is something you have recently changed your mind about and why? We love this prompt. People who are intellectually curious and courageous are constantly having to rethink their preconceived notions and shift their opinions â€" and Brandeis loves intellectually curious students. However, it’s not a good idea to scramble for an answer here just because we love the pro mpt. If you read this prompt and something pops into your head, awesome. If not, it’s probably not the best prompt for you, and we’d recommend going with #1.  If you’re committed to it, keep it small. We know that this is something we say all the time, but we say it because it matters. If you go too lofty, you risk sounding self-important. Instead, focus on a specific conversation or another moment when you were challenged to rethink. After illustrating the moment, carry the story through to where you ended up on the issue. In this prompt, illustrating progress and transformation is critical to success. International students only: Brandeis attracts students from many corners of the world. As an international student at Brandeis, how would you enrich the campus community? (250 words or fewer)This question is only applicable to international applicants, so if you aren’t one, don’t do it. If you are an international applicant, take this question into account when picking a prompt for the previous one. Namely, don’t pick prompt #1 because you risk too much overlap. This question is focused on your on-campus experience, so writing about your on-campus experience twice closes off an opportunity to present readers with a fully-formed picture of how awesome you are.  We recommend selecting prompt two or three, both of which allow you to share a piece of your culture or heritage. Then you can use this question to express how you will pursue your passions on campus, enriching the community inside and outside of the classroom.  Applying to college can get stressful. If you need help, let us know.

The Era for Stay-at-home Dads Essay - 1640 Words

The Era for Stay-at-home Dads For generations, the gender role stereotype within the family has been the same: the father is a deserved pillar of family, and he has responsibility to be a breadwinner by going out to work to make money rather than staying at home as a homemaker. However, over the past few decades, the conventional gender role stereotypes of family has been largely changed to the point that an increasing number of men choose to be stay-at-home dads instead of being bread-earners. The at-home dad trend is that the father both takes on the role of primary caregiver for children and plays a major part in running the household. Although stay-at-home dads have presented a new perspective on the stereotype of family, some†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, in many modern families, women are earning much more than their husbands so that increasing numbers of fathers are pushed to become stay-at-home dads. In addition, most working mothers are anxious about who can take care of their children conside rately and economically. Mothers neither want to hire nurses to take care of children by charging costly and needless expenses nor can they bear to make children unattended and lonely. Therefore, a stay-at-home father is the most appropriate and helpful assistant for his partner to develop her career, as the mother does not need to feel guilty and the family can save a large amount of money. The public should regard stay-at-home fathers as efficient and economic assistants for their wives rather than incapable men, these selfless fathers make their family more cooperative and economic. Stay-at-home father families promote marital equality and couples benefit from their happy marriage (Schindler Zimmerman, 348). Gender role stereotypes in family regards men as the most authoritative character in the family, while women are submissive followers with their husbands. Obsolete family stereotypes advocate that male chauvinism is a powerful guarantee to maintain the stability and permanence of the family. Therefore, women are in lower statusShow MoreRelatedWomens Responsibility Of Rear The Children And Keep The House Tidy, Traditional Wifely Duties1120 Words   |  5 Pageswhich in 1965 was not as women spent most the time in the home. I do find it very interesting that men and women with children both spend about 10 hours less doing leisure activities with kids (USA Today, 2013); I find it interesting only because the number is so much higher than originally thought which suggests that teamwork between husband and wife is beneficial to everyone making better relationshi ps. The percentage of stay at home dads has increased by 3% in 1989 to 7% in 2012 (Pew Research CenterRead MoreThe Role Of Gender Roles In The Elizabethan Era1075 Words   |  5 Pagesgender roles in early history is the definition of the Elizabethan Era. Since the beginning of time females has been ranked below all male figures in status as well as a work force. Furthermore, the men were known to be the breadwinners for the family whereas the women were meant to stay at home housewife (Sharnette). Throughout history this storetype has evolved, but an average day for a male and female during the Elizabethan Era is rather contrasting. With women having little to none privilegesRead MoreI Want A Wife712 Words   |  3 Pagesthe time of Feminism, I have watched my mom play all the roles of a wife according to Judy. I have also watched my dad do little around the house, waiting for my mom to get frustrated and give in to doing whatever the chore may be. I Want a Wife, therefore, is ex tremely relatable, it is like my mom wrote it herself. She, herself, also wants a wife. During the feminist movement era, Judy Brady wrote I Want a Wife, which shows her frustration with all the demands she has as a wife. She sarcasticallyRead MoreI Want A Wife1288 Words   |  6 Pagesaround the time of the feminist movement in the 1970s, the roles Brady describes in her essay, I have grown up watching my mom perform. I have also watched my dad do little around the house, waiting for my mom to get frustrated and give in to doing whatever the chore may be. I Want a Wife, therefore, is extremely relatable, it is like my dad wrote it himself and expects all these responsibilities to be completed by my mom. On the other hand, I know that things have changed significantly since thisRead MoreThe Characteristics Of A Boy And A Girl1536 Words   |  7 Pagesexpectations of both men and women. Historical events such as World War two as well as Industrialization are some of the major driving forces that helped sculpt our modern day gender roles as well as their negative impac ts on our society. During the era of industrialization women’s roles in society became very specific. â€Å"Welter describes the new cult of womanhood as based on four virtues --- piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness.† (O’Kelly, L.S Carney 1986 p. 129). Women began to take uponRead MoreHow Change Can Change Your Life Forever975 Words   |  4 Pagestime I began pulling pancake mix out of the cabinet and milk out of the fridge, I had reached a kind of mostly awake state. So when my dad thumped down the stairs as loudly as an elephant, I was a bit confused. My parents never woke up before 10:00 on a weekend. If one parents woke up before the other, they had to be extremely quiet. â€Å"Theodora, go get dressed!† my dad exclaimed. I goggled at him like I would a crazy person. Get dressed? Was he insane? It was 8:00! I had no school, and plans for lazingRead MoreThe First Couple Years Of My Life951 Words   |  4 PagesThe first couple years of my life was a very critical learning era in my life. I was faced eye to eye with adversity. Growing up, my family had just enough money to make it day to day. We were living in a townhouse with 3 bedrooms with 12 family members. This townhouse was also connected to a convenient store that was owned and operated by my family. My brother and I didn’t always get everything we asked for but our gracious parents never gave up on hopes of giving us a better childhood then theyRead More A Strong Work Ethic Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesmost people, I guess. But to me, my dad exemplified the epitome of a hard-working, loyal employee. He hardly ever called in sick; and if he did, he was really sick. He never dreamed of arriving late, clocking out early, or shirking h is duties. He was glad to have a job that provided for his family and spoke proudly of his job with General Motors. I can still recall him going off to work in his freshly-laundered, navy blue uniform. Mom would pack Dad a nutritious lunch and carefully slipRead MoreJack Arnold Paper1411 Words   |  6 Pageslittle anymore. Jack’s stubborn attitude, traditional values, and defiance toward change resist the upcoming generation’s social and family values. Jack is the father of three teenagers, and he, along with his stay-at-home-wife Norma, struggle keeping them in line because of the changing era. His kids are growing up in the late 1960s and early 1970s in southern California, making it hard for him to maintain his old-school morals. Not only does Jack have stubborn teens, he must keep up with his middleRead More What Does It Mean to Be a Male or Female in Todays Society? Essay686 Words   |  3 Pageswith advertisements, television programs, magazines, and movies that depict how we as humans should act. For years the media has depicted women as the housewives who usually stay h ome and take care of the house and her family. You rarely, nowadays, see a woman out working earning the living for her family and the man at home with the children. Women are sex symbols; they sell advertisements for clothing, cars, cigarettes, and household items. Just about everywhere that you turn you will see a woman

How is Incomplete Dominance Related to Eye Color

Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles. Unlike complete dominance inheritance, one allele does not dominate or mask the other. Incomplete dominance occurs in the polygenic inheritance of traits such as eye color and skin color. It is a cornerstone in the study of non-Mendelian genetics. Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one  allele  for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. Comparison With Co-Dominance Incomplete genetic dominance is similar to but different from co-dominance. Whereas incomplete dominance is a blending of traits, in co-dominance an additional phenotype is produced and both alleles are expressed completely.   The best example of co-dominance is AB blood type inheritance. Blood type is determined by multiple alleles recognized as A, B, or O and in blood type AB, both phenotypes are fully expressed.   Discovery Scientists have noted the blending of traits back into ancient times, although until Mendel, no one used the words incomplete dominance. In fact, Genetics was not a scientific discipline until the 1800s when Viennese scientist and friar Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) began his studies. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images Like many others, Mendel focused on plants and, in particular, the pea plant. He helped define genetic  dominance when he noticed that the plants had either purple or white flowers. No peas had lavender colors as one might suspect. Up to that time, scientists believed that physical traits in a child would always be a blend of the traits of the parents. Mendel proved that in some cases, the offspring can inherit different traits separately. In his pea plants, traits were visible only if an allele was dominant or if both alleles were recessive. Mendel described a genotype ratio of 1:2:1 and a phenotype ratio of 3:1. Both would be consequential for further research. While Mendels work laid the foundation, it was German botanist Carl Correns (1864–1933) who is credited with the actual discovery of incomplete dominance. In the early 1900s, Correns conducted similar research on four oclock plants. In his work, Correns observed a blend of colors in flower petals. This led him to the conclusion that the 1:2:1 genotype ratio prevailed and that each genotype had its own phenotype. In turn, this allowed the heterozygotes to display both alleles rather than a dominant one, as Mendel had found. Example: Snapdragons As an example, incomplete dominance is seen in cross-pollination experiments between red and white snapdragon plants. In this monohybrid cross, the allele that produces the red color (R) is not completely expressed over the allele that produces the white color (r). The resulting offspring are all pink. The genotypes are:  Red (RR)  X  White (rr) Pink (Rr). When the first filial (F1) generation consisting of all pink plants is allowed to cross-pollinate, the resulting plants (F2 generation) consist of all three phenotypes  [1/4 Red (RR): 1/2 Pink (Rr): 1/4 White (rr)]. The phenotypic ratio is 1:2:1.When the F1  generation is allowed to cross-pollinate with true breeding red plants, the resulting F2  plants consist of red and pink phenotypes [1/2 Red (RR): 1/2 Pink (Rr)]. The phenotypic ratio is 1:1.When the F1  generation is allowed to cross-pollinate with true breeding white plants, the resulting F2  plants consist of white and pink phenotypes [1/2 White (rr): 1/2 Pink (Rr)]. The phenotypic ratio is 1:1. In incomplete dominance, the intermediate trait is the heterozygous genotype. In the case of snapdragon plants, plants with pink flowers are heterozygous with the (Rr) genotype. The red and white flowering plants are both homozygous for plant color with genotypes of (RR) red and (rr) white. Polygenic Traits Polygenic traits,  such as height, weight, eye color, and skin color, are determined by more than one gene and by interactions among several alleles. The genes contributing to these traits equally influence the phenotype and the alleles for these genes are found on different chromosomes. The alleles have an additive effect on the phenotype resulting in varying degrees of phenotypic expression. Individuals may express varying degrees of a dominant phenotype, recessive phenotype, or intermediate phenotype. Those that inherit more dominant alleles will have a greater expression of the dominant phenotype.Those that inherit more recessive alleles will have a greater expression of the recessive phenotype.Those that inherit various combinations of dominant and recessive alleles will express the intermediate phenotype to varying degrees.

Airline Industry Essay - 1242 Words

Today one of the world’s most competitive and prominent industries is the airlines industry. They generate huge amounts of income as well as employment. Some of the common names in US air travel service providers are Alaska, Northwest, Southwest, US airways, American etc. According to the latest statistics given by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the airline sector will post a profit of $9 billion in 2011. Business travel is increasing and even the airlines are now investing again. Political/Legal influences Over the years airlines have undergone large-scale privatization, as a significant portion of it used to be government-owned. Privatizing it has led to drastic increase in the number of air service providers†¦show more content†¦In United Kingdom when the government imposed high taxes on the aviation industry, the number of cargo operators reduced (My-Efficient-Planet, 2010). At the same place governments tend to support aviation industry by building airports, roads and hotels near airports. In addition governments tend to arrange security at the airport to ensure safe journey. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 had negative implications for the industry. All the airlines changed their routes, marketing tactics and prices. They also tried to reduce the fear and negative image that got associated with airlines. Governments have imposed strict security checks on air travel passengers in order to avoid any unforeseen terrorist activity. Economic forces The growth of airline industry in any country is directly proportional to the GDP growth of that country. The demand of the aviation industry is based on the elasticity of demand and the current market condition. (InnovativeThinker, 2007) Fuel is one of the basic requirements for the airline industry to remain operational. Fuel price increases negatively influence airlines in multiple ways, firstly an increase in oil price raise the costs for companies; secondly it creates supply shock and reduced the GDP growth thus reduces the airline demand. Hiking fuel prices have increased the costs ofShow MoreRelatedAirline Industry : The Airlines Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagespaper, I equally contemplated each industry while being forced to choose only one to focus on. I felt the most inclined to select the airlines industry, specifically Delta Airlines, since my father is a longtime employee for the company. I believe this assignment is an interesting and enthralling way for young people to begin to understand the complexity and importance that goes into analyzing an industry’s annual, quarterly and daily reports. The airlines industry has always been and will alwaysRead MoreThe Airlines And The Airline Industry800 Words   |  4 PagesThe airline industry has been around for years, it has suffered its ups and downs due to attacks such as the one that occurred in September 11, and even most recent as the Paris attack that occurred this past year. Major Airlines have suffered a decline in their profitability which has forced many airlines to file for bankruptcy. However, when bad times hit an industry some companies are forced to quit, while others are forced to change their strategy and continue moving forward. In the airline industryRead MoreAirline Industry1042 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen a key part of business and will continue to be. Technology increases productivity, efficiency, and in many times lowers the cost of making products. When looking to acquire another company one must compare the technology of that company to its industry. How much will a company have to invest in a company to get the technology updated and personnel trained on those machines? How much would the company gain by implementing this new technology? Socio-cultural factors are a mindset of customersRead MoreThe Airline Industry1093 Words   |  5 Pages2013, over three billion passengers were carried by the world’s airlines† (Facts Figures, 2014). This fact demonstrates how the airline industry is a ubiquitous part of our lives. Even if a person has never used an airline for personal transportation, they are still likely to have consumed and/or used an assortment of goods transported by the industry. Still, even with its major impact on the world around it, inside the airline industry, firms must learn to encounter a wide array of external factorsRead MoreAirline Industry. The Airline Industry Offers An Efficient1243 Words   |  5 Pages Airline Industry The airline industry offers an efficient and unique service to customers. This industry is able to provide convenient transportation to people that wants to travel long distances. The airplane has been an invention that has improved the way people travel from one place to another. People has been able to experience traveling in a different way since the presence of airplanes. The airline industry has developed over time and is making it possible to travel to far places in a smallRead MoreSouthwest Airlines And The Airline Industry1640 Words   |  7 PagesSouthwest Airlines, a cost leader in the airline industry, was faced with an important decision on whether or not to enter LaGuardia Airport’s expensive, heavily regulated and congested market. How does a leader airline in discount airfare, continue to expand into high traffic markets without compromising its core strategies and disrupting its existing network? Founded in 1967, Southwest entered the airline industry at a time when interstate travel was heavily regulated by the Civil Aeronautics BoardRead MoreAirline Industry : Delta Airlines1599 Words   |  7 Pages Though Delta Airlines which is my choice of Airline does not operate solely as cargo carrier but as both passengers and Cargo carrier. Usually people ask where the difference between passengers and cargo carrier lies and the difference is simply the schedule and types of aircrafts used in each operation. For cargo only freighters there is no need for windows, seats and other comforts usually expected by customers. But operating a combined passenger/cargo aircraft, most basic requirementsRead MoreSouthwest Airlines And The Airline Industry946 Words   |  4 PagesExecutive Summary Southwest Airlines is a competitor in the airline industry who models themselves as a low fare company who cares about people. These two aspects are that backbone to their business. It is what sets them apart from their major competitors, such as Delta/Northwest, Continental/United, JetBlue, and Allegiant. Government regulation has allowed for more travel due to deregulation. This means there are more consumers than ever entering the industry. As more consumers enter the marketRead MoreAirline Industry : Southwest Airlines1925 Words   |  8 PagesSouthwest Airlines, founded in 1967, entered the airline industry at a time when the interstate travel was heavily regulated by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB).10 Some of those regulations are airlines were not allowed to discount fares even when their planes were at half capacity, airlines were not able to add new routes or remove old routes, and new carriers were not allowed to enter the interstate airline travel.10 Due to these regulations on the interstate market and seeing the success ofRead MoreAirline Industry : Southwest Airlines837 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as declining unemployment rates and rising income levels. Therefore, airline companies such as Southwest Airlines differentiate their brands from competitors by proactively creating value for customers. Since 2001, the airline industry has experienced greater costs due to the failing economy, volatile prices for fuel, and increased global competition. In order to combat these environmental factors, Southwest Airlines keeps airfare costs lower than those of competitors, focuses on fuel-efficient

Analyzing Demand In Healthcare

Question: Write an essay on Analyzing demand in healthcare. Answer: Analyzing demand in healthcare from the economist perspective starts with the different primary key terms in health economics these are ordered which refers to the services in healthcare that amounts to consumer desires at given price and income. Health care need relates to the measure and type of duty that efficiently and effectively improves health. Utilization is the number of different services that are consumed. I agree with the statement that doctors have generated demand in healthcare, essentially termed as a doctor's driven demand. The reason for this is if the physician creates the demand for his services at his own will, he could face a drop in the market of the consumer-physician ratio simply due to the increase of utilization of his services without lowering the cost. Increasing the number of the doctors density could result in the growth of the healthcare expenditure with no benefit to the patient. The governments have put in place measure in the supply of medical manpower or control on utilization as a counting strategy. If the price-output decisions of the doctor were affected by other external factors to determine demand, then increase in usage could be achieved by lowering the costs. In that way, the idea would be value by the patient but this cannot be economically viable it would also result in high health care expenditure. Physicians manipulate the patient's demand for services. Doctors always deny the existent that kind of power in exploiting for all personal gain. The doctors can actually manage the demand for their services. It has been observed that when the fee charges in hospitals are reduced and depressed, the per capital service utilization of the physicians tends to rise in partial or whole compensation of the lowered price. The per capita usage also tends to grow more with the increase in the physician-population ratio. Determinants of the demand and supply of healthcare Ill-health Ill- health is the primary determinant as the request for healthcare comes as a result of the need for health services. The medical care is irregular and cannot be predicted, and that makes medical claim different from all other commodities. The supply for the healthcare demand is met when there is the availability of the medical personnel or physicians; these situations make the health care application dependent on the doctors. The demand for the particular type of service produced by a given supplier affects the quantity of that service will to people for treatment purposes. Economic determinants These are the variables either direct or indirect cost that is incurred in the process of therapy. The total cost includes the pricing of the service to the consumer, the travel expenses, all the income lost during the period receiving the service, and the non-money cost which is the time required for the services. The price of treatment is an important determinant of the demand for healthcare services. This includes the direct cost of therapy such as the consultancy services given by the physicians, services delivered all which are aimed at utilization of health services. The price of health services can have resulted either in reducing at least on the goods which are the consumption of healthcare or choose to the other commodities or both the products. The change in the price of healthcare or medical services does not affect the demand. However in the shift to high price elasticity of demand for the medical services, there is a drop in the request of the medical service. The physical availability of the healthcare providers has an effect on the utilization of the medical services. The implication is that the consumer of the health services gives value to the time spent on the event of visiting the health facilities. The waiting time for the customer to get the medical services. It is viewed as the availability of the physicians and the efficiency of the health practitioner in this case. It is referred to as the opportunity cost of waiting time of the consumer to the supplier in the medical intensive care. The perception of need determinants This is concerned about the attitude of the individual consumer, the values and the taste of the services. The usefulness of the modern health treatment is one of the areas where the patient would focus on, the perceived severity of the illness, and the quality of health caregivers. At the physician provision of services, quality is taken as a key determinant as to the choice of the health care provider. The individual consumer perceives the quality, and the health professional has a different view on the same, which is essentially defined by the number of the medical staff, the presence of adequate drugs, a functional unit laboratory, the availability of power or electricity. These factors have a substantial positive impact on the demand for the medical services and all influences the choice of the medical health service provider. Regarding how useful medical treatment are efficient, all these depend on on with the individual cultural and psychological information towards a physicia n. Also, the level of education plays a part in the decision making of a patient on how the services in healthcare are to be delivered. This is evident in the practice of the patient-centered treatment in major hospital, this mode of treatment is only useful when the health professionals are offering their best quality services. The quality of health services can vary from an individual to another; this is because it has numerous views, including the direct effectiveness of the treatment to the patient, the cost imposed on the patient in the occasional visits. The side effects of the services given, the politeness of the healthcare provider that significantly affects the customer satisfaction, also the opening hours of the healthcare facilities and the time one waits to be served in the customers turn over. So going to the doctor demand must be driven by the kind of services enjoyed by the consumer which to them take as a medical necessity. The physicians make some quality improvements which reduces the demand for health care. For example in the high-quality care reduces the occasional visit hence the request for care reduces as that of quality increases. Individual income The preference and choice of the healthcare services is a major factor, in the microeconomic theory of consumer behavior. The health seeking behavior of a person is dependent on the income state of the individual. All consumers of health require some income to be able to pay the cost of the healthcare service. The access to the better facility come with extra charges, the increase in income leads to higher demand for health care services. For individuals with particular health status or conditions, the changes in the prices of medical affect the needs of the services. Health insurance and the demand for healthcare The insurance aims to reduce the variability in a person's income and pools risk with a large number of individuals. With this, the population can cater for the cost of healthcare. The doctors induced demand will be high as the people can access the healthcare utilization, and this tends to rise the demand for healthcare. All the money paid to the health insurance can get interested and indeed is paid out to the health services when the consumer gets sick. The health insurance would not be of importance if every person had average needs. The insurance makes it possible to obtain health services without going bankrupt. Due to the results of the uncertainty all health illness and medical expenditures are not predictable, the policies cover for hospitalizations, serious injuries, and other modern treatments that can be very expensive to pay as an individual patient. On the physicians end the demand for healthcare with being in his favor as the gains and benefits will be paid by the insu rance companies that covers the patients. The market for health insurance will be affected by various factors which include the probability of occurrence of the illness. Also the intensity of loss about income which is the cost of the disease, and lastly the price or premiums paid to the insurance companies increase in the prices results to fewer individual insure against a given event. Conclusions The demand for healthcare can vary considerably and has many dimensions. The major one has to do with the quality of services offered by the healthcare providers. The relate to the productivity of the healthcare service determined by the training of the doctor, the technology in place. So it's right to suggest that the earlier assumption that the physician the demand for healthcare is doctor driven because if the physicians sufficiently have the adequate requirements, then demand is motivated by the fulfillment of the activities as by medical necessity. References Cretin, S., N., Duan, A. P., Williams, X. Gu and Shi Y. (1988). The Modeling the Effects of Insurance on Health Utilization in China. Cropper, M. L.( 1977). Health, Investment in Health, and Occupational Choice. Journal of Political Economy 85(6): 127394. Dunlop, D. W., and Martins J. M.. (1995). An International Assessment of Health Care Financing: Lessons for Developing Countries. Economic Development Institute (EDI) Seminar Series. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Gertler, P, and Jeffrey H. (1997). Strategies for Pricing Publicly Provided Health Services. Policy Research Working Paper (1762). World Bank, Washington, D.C. Manning, W. G, Joseph P. N, Naihua D, and Emmet B. K, Arleen L, and Susan M. M. (1987). Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment. American Economic Review 77(3): 25177. Manski, C. and Daniel M (1981). Structural Analysis of Discrete Data with Econometric Applications. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. McFadden, Daniel. (1981). Econometric Models of Probabilistic Choice. In C. Manski and D. McFadden, eds., Structural Analysis of Discrete Data with Econometric Applications. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Newhouse, J (1993). Free for All: Lessons from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Phelps, C. E. (1992). Health Economics. New York: HarperCollins. Smith, M. C., and Garner, D. D. (1974). Effects of a Medicaid Program on Prescription Drug Availability and Acquisition. Medical Care 12(7): 57181. World Bank. (1993). World Development Report 1993. New York: Oxford University Press.

Planning a Performance Improvement Strategy in a Small Manufacturing Company Essay Example Essay Example

Planning a Performance Improvement Strategy in a Small Manufacturing Company Essay Example Paper Planning a Performance Improvement Strategy in a Small Manufacturing Company Essay Introduction The object of this assignment is to produce a two year plan to implement a programme of integrated performance improvement activities in a small manufacturing company that employs about 30 people. Metal components are manufactured, and the factory is arranged around five machines in three cells according to small, medium and large components. Heat treatment and grinding and the other major operations, as well as secondary operations. The following text describes the situation on the factory prior to the implementation of a performance improvement programme. . Company History and Structure In 2000 the long-standing co-director and manager of the Company resigned, leaving the position open for one of the present staff. There were several contenders for the position, including the two office staff both of whom had worked closely with him for years and had been given management titles. Two senior and experienced shop floor staff were also contenders. The Chairman of the company was unsur e that anyone of these individuals possessed the skills required for the position, and consequently established a team of managers to run the factory. The management team consisted of the two office staff and one member of the shop floor who was elevated to ‘Works Manager’ to liase between the office and the factory. No hierarchy or line accountability was introduced. However, the Works Manager believed he was now the most senior member of staff. The office staff refused to accept this and consequently a power struggle developed. The company Chairman appeared to champion the Works Manager, however the Works Manager’s seniority was never formally acknowledged. Prior to 2000, the structure of the company was centred round the co-director. Without any production teams or team leaders, every member of staff was directly accountable to the co-director. The lack of any intermediate line management resulted in the co-director communicating directly with every member of staff. After his departure, the company structure remained the same, however with the new management team there were now three managers who could communicate directly with any of the shop floor staff and consequently all shop floor staff were directly accountable to all three managers! 2. Production Planning The following describes the production process and the associated problems. Planning a Performance Improvement Strategy in a Small Manufacturing Company Essay Body Paragraphs The production process began when a customer faxed / phoned an order to the office. The details of the order were placed on the computer system and a print out was produced with all of the order details, called a ‘works order’. If there was no raw material in stock then material was ordered and the ‘works order’ was placed in the ‘Awaiting Material’ tray in the office. When the material was delivered, or if there was material in stock, the ‘works order’ was taken from the office straight to the appropriate machine setter, where it was added to his pile of other works orders waiting to be made. The works order stayed with the product throughout the factory. 2. 1 Prioritising Jobs The Company is a jobbing shop, and manufactures thousands of varieties of products at relatively low volumes and consequently set up times for each job take up a significant proportion, typically 50%, of production time. The sequence in which orders are manu factured greatly affects the efficiency of production. When manufacturing the Company’s products, the set up times are reduced if orders of similar sizes are produced together. Other parameters requiring consideration include customer delivery date, secondary operations and customer importance. Unfortunately, there appeared to be little evidence that these parameters were being considered. The machine setters were prioritising their workload based on which orders would be easiest to manufacture. 2. 2 Prioritising Jobs -Effects of Customers The office staff would complete a ‘progress sheet’, providing details of the order, which was then passed to the machine setter for a delivery date. If the order had already been made then the setter would have to search the factory for the product, with no information concerning its location. Once the order had been located then a dispatch date would be obtained from who ever was working on it at that stage. This date would th en be conveyed back to the customer via the office. If the order was yet to be made then the setter would be asked to give the best date possible for that order and be obliged to put the order up next on the machine. In other words the customer was dictating the priority. . 3 Prioritising Jobs -Effects of Office Staff A machine setter was typically receiving 1 to 5 ‘progress sheets’ in a day. If a search was required to locate the order, this proved to be a very time consuming process. If the order was yet to be made he had to prioritise his work accordingly. He would receive ‘progress sheets’ from all three office staff, each saying the order in question was of top priority. The office staff may even request the machine setter cease his present manufacturing batch to commence the order in question. The promised dates provided by the machine setters were unrealistic and unachievable. The machine setters tended to tell the customer what they wanted to hear r ather than what was realistic. The machine setter received a confused and contradicting message from the office staff. His order priorities were based in this case on the demands of the office staff, each of whom reflected the level of hostility given by the customers. Typically 60% of all orders in the factory were consistently late, creating huge customer pressure and a permanent backlog. Lines Of Communication The many lines of communication between the office and the factory, and the on-going power struggle between the office staff, resulted in three independent managers passing instructions to shop floor staff without prior discussion. Each manager was unaware of instructions given by their colleagues and consequently none of the managers were aware of every activity being sanctioned. The resulting confusion on the shop floor created low morale, dissidence and very low confidence in management. The shop floor staff instinctively wanted strong leadership and direction, without w hich they felt disorganised and insecure, resulting in low morale and a lack of discipline. No formal communication forum existed at the time of the co-director’s resignation. The shop floor staff were aware that important company developments were taking place, but they were not given any information and were left to make their own conclusions. These feelings of isolation and insecurity resulted in further distrust in management. 3. 1 Communication Between Shopfloor and the Office Communication between the office and the factory was chaotic. The lack of intermediate line management, such as team leaders, resulted in every shop floor problem, however minor, being highlighted directly to one of the management team. This proved to be very time-consuming for the management team and often resulted in problems being passed from one manager to the next. 3. 2 Communication on the Shopfloor A further problem was the lack of willingness from shop floor staff to contribute to problem s olving. Not only was this a direct reflection of their low morale but was also a result of there being no formal communication forums to encourage their participation in problem solving and supplying feedback to management. 4 Product Flow and Bottlenecks The flow of products through the factory was very poor with major bottlenecks at the heat treatment department and the grinding department. The unacceptable amounts of work in progress at the heat treatment and grinding departments had both a negative and positive psychological effect throughout the factory. The machine setters felt discouraged by the work in progress ahead of them in the production line, knowing that however quickly or slowly they worked, and however urgent the order, there would still be a lengthy delay before the order was dispatched. This produced the feeling that failure to deliver products on time was inevitable and uncontrollable, and severely reduced morale amongst the machine setters. Ultimately, this resul ted in the machine setters working slower with less regard for the customer. The large amounts of work in progress also lowered morale in the heat treatment and grinding departments. Whereas the machine setters had a pile of works orders to manufacture, the heat treatment and grinding departments had large quantities of boxes waiting for completion, creating a very visible pressure. This stress was amplified in the grinding department by the fact that the majority of the work in progress was already late. The work in progress created stress amongst many staff but also gave them a sense of job security. They all believed that with plenty of work to be done, there would always be a place for them in the factory. The notion that the was and the economic climate was very concerning. This demonstrated a real lack of awareness among operators of the cause of outstanding work; operators viewed work in progress as a reflection of customer demand 5 Teams There was inevitably little or no tea mwork displayed by the shop floor personnel. In addition, there appeared to be a negative working culture where the etiquette was to work as little as possible and no harder than your colleagues. Nobody was prepared to assist a colleague outside of the boundaries they considered to be their job description. Those who openly wasted time without rebuke were seen as setting the benchmark for acceptable behaviour. Although there were no formal communication forums, to encourage their participation in problem solving, shop floor staff occasionally made improvement suggestions to their managers. However, the staff felt that it was not their responsibility to carry out the improvements and the managers did not have sufficient time to address the suggestions. The shop floor staff believed their suggestions were being ignored and their managers were arrogant and foolish. As a result relationships and morale declined. 6 Pay and Rewards Throughout its history the company had carried out an ann ual pay review for all staff. Along with many other companies, the pay reviews were initially in place to maintain pay in line with inflation. As interest rates and inflation fell to record lows the shop floor staff strongly defended their entitlement to an annual pay review. The pay reviews continued, however equal percentage increases across the company also continued as the norm. Although there was some evidence of management intervention for the pay review of certain personnel this appeared to relate more to favouritism than performance. Across the shop floor this created the perception that not only was performance not measured, it was also not important. As a result, the shop floor staff felt powerless and unimportant resulting in very low morale. The factory was significantly under performing, creating huge pressure on the three managers. The shop floor lacked confidence in the management team and the management team believed the shop floor staff should take more responsibili ty for the factory’s failures. 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George Herbert Mead †Symobolic Interactionist

George Herbert Mead – Symobolic Interactionist Free Online Research Papers George Herbert Mead Symobolic Interactionist George Herbert Mead, a symbolic interactionist, focused his thought on the role taking of individual behaviors. By emphasizing the process underlying social structures, Mead presents a very dynamic view of society for not only is society shaped by role taking, it can be altered by the unchanged processes. Mead was the originator of the thought of Mind, Self, and Society. This thought is shaped by thinking about your individual self through mind and how society sees you. Mead liked to look at the mind as something reflective; he said the mind was created by responses to environmental stimuli. He looked at the self as emerging out of the facility of using symbols and taking roles of others. He also said that there were two phases of self, the â€Å"I† which is spontaneous, inner creative and subjective, and the â€Å"me† which is the organized attitudes of others and the broader community. The â€Å"me† is derived from taking the role of others. What emerges from Meads view of society is not a vision of social structure but the underling patterns of social interaction from individualized role taking. His perception on society was that it is maintained by virtue of human’s aptitude to role-take and to assume the perspective of generalized other. Mead had many different influences in his work. He borrowed ideas from the four biggest intellectual perspectives of his time: Utilitarianism, Darwinism, Pragmatism, and Behaviorism. For utilitarianism, Mead emphasized three points: actors seeking rewards, actors as attempting to adjust to a competitive situation, and actors as goal directed and instrumental in their behaviors. Mead was interested in certain aspects of Darwinism. Mead argued that at birth, an infant is not a human. He said that infants acquire the unique behavioral capacities only as it adapts to social environments. Mead borrowed ideas from his intellectual peers who considered themselves pragmatists. Mead believed in the concept that humans use facilities to adapt and survive, and therefore said that everyone who wishes to adapt and survive has to adopt pragmatism. Mead rejected extreme behaviorism but accepted its general principle: Behaviors are learned as a result of gratifications associated with them. His behaviorist ideals tie in with his thoughts on mind, self, and society because he believed that the most distinctive behaviors of humans are covert, involving thinking, reflection, and self-awareness. In retrospect, we can conclude that mead borrowed ideas from a number of intellectual perspectives. Mead was not only influenced by these general intellectual perspectives, he also borrowed specific concepts from a variety of scholars, only some of whom worked within these general perspectives. Mead was able to take specific concepts and incorporate them into metaphors Research Papers on George Herbert Mead - Symobolic InteractionistRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Communication management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication management - Case Study Example Being a cross-cultural undertaking involving a management team with widely varied backgrounds, the visiting team must be hosted in a manner that will not jeopardize the partnership before it even kicks off. This paper will design an action plan to implement the partnership whose objectives will include being aligned with corporate, community and personal values in a realistic, cost effective and socially acceptable context. A business merger or partnership can only be considered when the involved companies have a vision of benefiting from the combined business operations and consequently contributing to increased value for shareholders. It must be assumed that the idea of the partnership was hatched with the full knowledge of the rampant practice of software piracy in China. The first major task of the marketer would be to formulate an agenda for the merger to convince the market and the new partners of the commitment to alleviate such thoughts. Given the amount of revenue UR Softwar e Inc. has managed to generate within five years, it can safely be thought to be performing well and has a stable customer base. Linking up with ECVIC is advantageous because of their thorough knowledge of the Far East territory. Using their own history of success and ECVIC’s strength, the new partnership can give a guarantee of the genuine nature of their products. An effective marketing strategy targeting the Far East market would be based on websites, taking advantage of the over 550 million users of the internet in China in 2013. The marketer at UR Software Inc. needs to show the new partners how they will convert stocks from the respective individual firms to the resultant combined company. The action plan must be characterized by UR Software Inc.’s intention to reduce anxieties, eliminate fears and raise two firms’ levels of mutual trust. This requires an exhibition of the awareness of China’s adopted anti-monopoly law that was enacted in 2007, wher e competition authorities in China stepped up the enforcement of practices against competitiveness and mergers. The action plan needs to enhance the concepts of China’s Ministry of Commerce that heavily relies on behavioral remedies that underlie cases of mergers as well as those proposed by the European Commission that favor structural remedies. It is worth noting that China emphasizes on antitrust laws. In doing business in the Canadian and North American markets, the action plan will allow public interest to play roles only in clearly defined and exceptional circumstances. Since the merger is expected to affect prudential rules, media plurality, and public security, public interests must be considered in all the countries of potential operation as a long term agenda. Antitrust authorities must be allowed to follow transparent and explicit procedures. To maintain competitive levels in markets that may otherwise become too concentrated after the partnership, structural remed ies will have to de-invest in some of both the partners’ assets in favor of potential or actual competitors. The short term action plan would emphasize on behavioral remedies committed to engaging in particular conduct that will preserve conditions of competition immediately following the partnership. For instance, both partners will specify

Should you worry about cell phone, cellular antenna and Wi-Fi device Research Paper

Should you worry about cell phone, cellular antenna and Wi-Fi device radiation why or why not - Research Paper Example Therefore, every individual should be worried about cell phone, cellular antenna and Wi-Fi device radiation (Mercola, 2008). Studies conducted by scientists have indicated that exposure to electromagnetic waves cause significant changes on the human body. Doctor Mercola indicates that although extensive research has not been carried out to determine the clear effects that radio radiation has on individuals, it would be a grave mistake to conclude that the emissions are inconsequential (Mercola, 2008). Some scientists have used rats to conduct similar experiments and have concluded that the radiation emitted by these devices has an effect on the biological and maturation processes of the rodents. Other researchers have scientifically linked some health complications such as sleep disruptions, dementia, fatigue, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Autism, Headaches, poor concentration and failing memory to the electromagnetic waves emitted by cell phones, cellular antenna and Wi-Fi devices. However, these health implications have other causes as well, although the radiation emitted from these devices ca nnot be ruled out. Cell phone, cellular antenna and Wi-Fi device radiation seems to create potential health risks to humans. Therefore, people should be worried about being exposed to this kind of radiation, as it has adverse effects on their health (Shelly and Vermaat,

Factors Affecting Academic Interest Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Academic Interest Essay A NOAA (AOML) in situ pCO2 sensor (SAMI-CO2), attached to a Coral Reef Early Warning System station in Discovery Bay, Jamaica, utilized in conducting ocean acidification studies near coral reef areas Australia Main article: Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is the worlds largest coral reef system.[46][47][48][49] The reef is located in the Coral Sea. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Particular environmental pressures include runoff, salinity fluctuations, climate change, cyclic crown-of-thorns outbreaks, overfishing, and spills or improper ballast discharge. Southeast Asia See also: Southeast Asia coral reefs Southeast Asian coral reefs are at risk from damaging fishing practices (such as cyanide and blast fishing), overfishing, sedimentation, pollution and bleaching. Activities including education, regulation and the establishment of marine protected areas help protect these reefs. Indonesia Indonesia is home to one third of the worlds corals covering nearly 85,000 square kilometres (33,000 sq mi) and one quarter of its fish species. Indonesias coral reefs are located in the heart of the Coral Triangle and have fallen victim to destructive fishing, tourism and bleaching. Data from 414 reef monitoring stations in 2000 found that only 6% are in excellent condition, while 24% are in good condition, and approximately 70% are in poor to fair condition.[50] Philippines In 2007, Reef Check, the worlds largest reef conservation organization, stated that only 5% of Philippines 27,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of coral reef are in excellent condition: Tubbataha Reef, Marine Park in Palawan, Apo Island in Negros Oriental, Apo Reef in Puerto Galera, Mindoro, andVerde Island Passage off Batangas. Philippine coral reefs is Asias second largest.[51] Taiwan Coral reefs in Taiwan are being threatened by human population growth. Many corals are affected by untreated sewage and souvenir-hunting tourists, not knowing that this practice destroys habitat and causes disease. Many corals have turned black from disease off Taiwans southeast coast.[52]- Indonesia Indonesia has 2,915,000 square kilometers of marine area. The reef area is 51,020 square kilometers. Of that amount, 82% of it is at risk. Indonesia holds 17% of the worlds total coral reef areas. Blast fishing, which has been illegal since 1985 still goes on today, along with cyanide fishing (1995). Another factor that is hurting the coral reefs in Indonesia is the amount of coral that they export. They are the worlds largest exporter of corals, exporting about 500 tons of coral per year.[16] COREMAP is helping Indonesia with their destruction of corals by working in 9 of the 32 provinces. They want to: 1. Heighten law enforcement to protect coral reefs; 2. Establish coral reef monitoring and information systems, in order to conduct research on the status of coral reefs and more effectively disseminate that information to stakeholder groups; 3. Develop community-based management systems and increase public participation in coral reef resource management; 4. Increase institutional capacity and strengthen inter-institutional coordination in planning and implementing policy that affects coral reef management, and; 5. Enhance public knowledge of the importance of coral reef and motivate people to actively participate in the management and sustainable use of coral reefs. Philippines The Philippines, with more than 7,000 islands and warm ocean waters, surround about 26,000 square kilometers of coral reef. [3] These coral reefs have recently brought the attention of beneficial economic uses to the Philippines government.[4] Benefits of Coral Reefs in Philippines 1. Coral reefs break the waves from the chance of eroding the coastline of the islands; [5] 2. Protection of Communities: â€Å"the reefs act as buffer zones† meaning they decrease the power of typhoons and hurricanes as they approach the Philippine Islands; [6] 3. Economic Benefits: Fishing off the coral reefs, profits from tourism, for example, Diving tours and snorkeling areas on the shallow reefs. These economic benefits create many new jobs and profitable opportunities to the country. State For the past 50 years, the proportion of degraded reefs in Indonesia increased from 10 to 50%. From 1989 to 2000 reefs with over 50% live coral cover declined from 36 to 29%. Western Indonesia, which is more developed and holds the majority of the nations population, faces the greatest threats to its coral reefs. Surveys concluded that reef condition improves from west to east. The percentage of reefs in good or excellent condition (live coral cover of 50% or more) is 23% in western Indonesia versus 45% in eastern Indonesia. 65% of surveys taken from the Maluku islands had evidence of bomb damage. In addition, reefs affected by land-based pollution (i.e. sediment discharge into reefs by deforestation, industry, sewage, and fertilizer) show 30-50% less diversity at depths of three meters and 40-60% less diversity at 10 meters in comparison to pristine reefs. The 1997-1998 el Nino event triggered widespread bleaching in Indonesia, with western and west-central Indonesia most affected. Bleaching was recorded in East Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Lombok. In the Seribu Islands northwest of Jakarta, 90-95% of coral reef from the reef flat down to 25 meters died. Two years later, the Seribu Islands significantly recovered, with live coral cover of 20-30% (2000). Coral reefs in Indonesia are located near Java (Batavia), Nusa Dua, Jakarta and Saribu. [8] 30% of the Philippines coral reefs are dead while 39% are dying. The news isnt all bad: Establishment of the Sumilon Island marine reserve has resulted in a marked comeback of fish in adjacent areas. Along with the establishment of the Sumilon Island marine reserve, there is hope for the Philippines via boosts in ecotourism. In recent years, local Filipino governments have discovered that fishing is not the only economic benefit the reefs can provide. They are confident that with a spread of ecotourism, even local fishermen will reap the financial benefits of this economic sector. A surge in coral reef conservation education is helping the tourism sector provide information to tourists on how to preserve the coral reefs while they enjoy the beauty and serenity of the reefs.[17]The Philippines ecotourism sector is unfortunately stifled at this time due to a limited budget and there are approximately 7,000 islands to patrol for destructive fishing techniques.[8] [9]. Destructive fishing techniques are thought to be the largest contributor to reef degradation in the Philippines. The first ever mass-bleaching event in the Philippines was reported in 1998-99. It began at Batangas, off Luzon, in June 1998 and then proceeded nearly clockwise around the Philippines, correlating with anomalous sea-surface temperatures. Most reefs of northern Luzon, west Palawan, the Visayas, and parts of Mindanao were affected. Subsequent mortalities were highly variable, with decreases in live coral cover ranging from 0.7 to 46 percent and up to 80 percent in Bolinao. Recent surveys in 1997 found a low percentage of reefs to be in excellent condition. They found only 4 percent of Philippine reefs in excellent condition (i.e., over 75 percent hard or soft coral cover), 28 percent in good condition (50-75 percent coral cover), 42 percent in fair condition (25-50 percent coral cover), and 27 percent in poor condition (less than 25 percent coral cover). The Visayas have experienced the most significant decline in coral cover, exhibiting an average of only 11 percent hard coral cover. [10] A study in the early 90s revealed that coral reefs are damaged by a variety of human activities such as household sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural chemicals from land that are washed to the sea. [11] This was a new finding for the time period in which it was widely believed that the main damage to coral reefs was causes by oil spills or from pollution dumped by ships. This survey was concentrated on SE Asia mainly because it was believed that coral reefs in this region were at great threat of extinction if continued to be unmanaged. In the last thirty years climate change has had the most harmful effect on corals. (Hughes) Currently one of the major issues the Indonesian government is dealing with is climate change. (CIA Worldfactbook) When the ocean warms such as in El Nino, coral bleaching occurs, which kills the coral. (Hughes) The reefs are incredibly important to the economy and people of Southeast Asia. The reefs bring in $1.6 billion a year through fishing, employment, and the tourist industry. (Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia Key Findings 2002) Today, the coral reefs located in the Philippines and Indonesia are in great danger. Fishermen are constantly practising dangerous methods such as blast fishing and dynamite fishing. These practices prove to be detrimental to the coral reefs as well as the marine life in the surrounding areas. Because of the dangerous methods, fish that are usually near the coral reefs are no longer there any more. Two of these fish are Groupers and snappers. According to David Nockels it was only seven years ago that 30% of the reefs were dead in this region and many more were dying Marine protected areas Amongst the many proposed solutions to the problems plaguing coral reefs in Southeast Asia is the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Currently marine protected areas make up around 8% of the area of Southeast Asian coral reefs.[26] The World Commission on Protected Areas [12], amongst other groups, has been active in establishing MPAs in Southeast Asia. However, the success rate of MPAs in Southeast Asia is low, with an estimated 14% of MPAs rated effectively managed.[30] [13] This rate reflects the difficulty of implementing MPAs. Moreover, it shows that much work is still needed to make MPAs successful in Southeast Asia. IUCN has defined an MPA as â€Å"any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment†.[31] In other words, an MPA is a marine area in which the water column and all the life that exists in it are protected through laws. These laws restrict certain practices within the MPA, which can differ per MPA. Marine protected areas, in sum, provide a marine sanctuary which can foster an increase in marine biodiversity.[32] (See also: [14]). This increased biodiversity is though to be able to carry over to the non-protected surrounding areas in which fishing can take place. This is important for a number of reasons. In the Southeast Asian context, especially amongst the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia, the sea and people are very much interconnected. As mentioned, the sea provides both a source of income and source of food for the people. In the Philippines, for example, 67% of protein food consumption comes from fish and fish products. Additionally, roughly one million people in the Philippines are employed in the fishing industry.[33] Increased fish stocks resulting from marine protected areas only add to the solutions needed to revitalize Southeast Asian economies, life systems, and coral reefs. In addition, the LMMA (Locally-Managed Marine Area) Network is another organization that takes part in the Southeast Asia marine conservation. Similar to the MPA, the LMMA also provides protection areas in the sea. However, according to the definition above, an LMMA is an example of an MPA because an MPA includes a large space within and close by the area. The LMMA involves members from around the world, and the communities within the managed areas. The goal of LMMA is to allow members and local communities to learn the uses of protected resources.[15] Due to the massive destruction of coral reefs in Southeast Asia, the LMMA has established two areas in Eastern Indonesia: Padaido Islands, Biak, West Papua, and Southern Ambon Island and the Moluccas Islands; and various areas in the Philippines. With the help of the LMMAs, the local communities would learn to preserve their marine goods, and be able to maintain for longer years. Gradually, the communities will accommodate bigger and healthier fish. [16] There are an estimated 400 MPAs in the Philippines. Of the 400 only 16% have yielded an increase in bio-diversity. The high failure rate is due to poor management and a lack of regulation.[34]Despite the numerous failures there have been successes. One of the best known areas is Apo island where a small community has effectively managed an MPA since the mid 1980s. The Apo MPA includes a ban on detrimental fishing practices and a no-take zone covering 10% of their reef. Apos reef has thrived giving hope to Philippine reefs.[35] Contributions for management The state of the coral reefs in the Philippines and Indonesia are depleting with every blink of an eye. It is to no one’s surprise that the Philippines have lost more than 80% since the 1920s. In Indonesia it is a little better due to the some drastic actions made by the government. On December 6, 2002 the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a US$33 million loan in order to save what is the rest of these important organisms. Over fishing, illegal fishing methods, and overpopulation have all contributed to the decline of the coral reefs both in the Philippines and Indonesia. Along with the loan the Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project (Phase II), the second part of a three phase plan has given us all hope in restoring coral reefs in this part of the region. The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries will oversee the whole entire project with a due date of June 30, 2009. If it all goes according to plan the fishing industry will be the benefited the most. However, government action is not always necessary to manage reefs. When the community dependent on the resources provided by coral works together to save and restore the fish population, the results can be very good. The community managed reefs of Apo Island, located in the southern Philippines, known worldwide for its success. The waters around Apo Island are home to about 650 species of fish and 400 species of corals. The waters of Apo Island were not always this full of life. Fishing is the major occupation on the island, and even those who do not fish, rely on the catch for their protein. So when a fishermans catch began shortening, after years of unregulated fishing, it was very easy for them to resort to destructive methods of fishing,such as blast fishing and cyanide fishing, to get by. These methods almost led to the end of the already dwindling fish stocks. The community began, through education and widespread involvement, the process of making these practices socially unacceptable.[36] People began patrolling the waters in a small area with the intention of allowing fish to flourish and repopulate and then spill over into areas that had been fished out. This informal establishment of a sanctuary was first met with a lot of resistance, eventually though, after seeing the obvious improvements, the island community and local council were able to formalize the sanctuary in 1985, three years after it started. This formalization extended the sanctuary to water surrounding the island up to 500 meters from the shore and declaring a portion a no-take fish sanctuary.[37] To manage the coral reefs effectively to preserve what is left of the beautiful natural resource, individual people must unite. If the marine ornamentals trade is to successfully turn around and begin to sustain more live fish, certain people must perform their jobs to the fullest. Firstly, there if lobbyists are responsible about the issue, they will provide healthy animals, maintain healthy reefs, sustain reef animal populations, and adequately compensate fishing communities for their efforts. Also, responsible industry operators must minimize animal mortality and habitat impacts and focus on animal health and quality collection practices. The problem with this method, though, is that merely trust and word of mouth arent enough. If we are to legitimately depleting the coral reefs in Southeast Asia, we must set international standards.

Catherine des Roches Epistle To Her Mother :: Catherine Roches Epistle Letter Essays

Catherine des Roches' "Epistle To Her Mother" The "Epistle To Her Mother" by Catherine des Roches of Poitiers discusses the very close and dear relationship that exists between mother and daughter. In this letter, the daughter gives a very detailed and vibrant description of the closeness and respect that she shares with her mother. She also reveals her thankfulness to her mother for all that her mother has bestowed upon her. She does this by taking a vow of silence at the end of the letter, which will allow her mother to live a longer and fuller life. In the letter, she wrote, "Since he [the Samian] wishes to speak, I will be silent, Mother, after humbly beseeching Divine Mercy that it please Him lengthen and prosper your days so that you may live a long life as example of the graces of Heaven" (Roches 254). In this letter, Catherine des Roches states facts and details by addressing many parallel points in an easy to read manner. Catherine des Roches does a very good job of consistently using parallel points that contribute to her effectiveness in getting her point across. This means of description allows the reader to grasp the depth of her gratitude and love that she holds for her mother. In the "Epistle To Her Mother," Catherine des Roches uses a very definite pattern of imagery, which includes her use of many mythological figures and activities as references to describe her mother and the relationship that they share. Catherine des Roches also refers to things such as the earth and nature. An example of this is when she says, "You quickened me as Prometheus, the earth which he himself formed" (Roches 253). In this letter, there is also a strong appeal to the senses with the use of words such as luminosity and illumines. Catherine des Roches wrote, "And just as the body in all its proportions, and the shadow in its width cannot be seen without light, so the brilliant luminosity of your mind illumines for us the narrow path where I pray" (Roches 253). According to The Oxford English Dictionary, luminosity means shedding light and illumines means to light up or to enlighten spiritually. These two words are very strong and appeal to the senses to a great degree.

Rhetorical Analysis on Thoreau’s Walden-Chapter33

Rhetorical Analysis-â€Å"Reading† in Walden Walden is a personal essay of Henry David Thoreau, as he goes into wood and writes his personal experiences by immersing himself in nature. By detaching himself from the society, Thoreau tried to gain a more objective understanding of society through personal introspection. His thoughts of understanding society or finding the â€Å"truth† are discussed on the third chapter â€Å"Reading. † This chapter constitutes a description of what Thoreau has gained from reading and an exhortation that the reader should seek for the vein of spiritual truth.Thoreau discusses the benefits of classical literature then argues that people of Concord should focus on adult’s education. He moans that most of the educated men in Concord disregard the classics of English literature and argues that townspeople should have spent money on building Lyceum instead of a townhouse. By using dichotomies, Thoreau differentiates himself from t he townspeople, and then he strengthens his argument by deifying the work of great poets.Thoreau’s studying of classical literature or his attempt to find the truths is prevalent in chapter â€Å"Reading†, but his thoughts are especially well-presented in the first paragraph of the chapter. Thoreau begins his paragraph with personal thoughts saying if men were more deliberate in choosing their pursuits, they would all become â€Å"students† and observers,† because that it is in their â€Å"nature† and â€Å"destiny. † By choosing scientific words, such as â€Å"observers†, â€Å"students†, and â€Å"nature† to describe his personal thoughts, Thoreau risks charges of elitism.Science is a study of nature and it is based on observation and experiment, whereas philosophy and literature is a study based on personal thoughts and insights. This is contrast to what other most writers argue. Most other writers and philosophers arg ue that while it is possible to think we know the truth in a situation, it is impossible to be certain. Since we cannot be certain of the truth, it is very difficult or even impossible to define what the â€Å"truth† is.However by stating that literature and philosophy can be answered in a definite way like science, Thoreau implicitly tells the readers that he is following the â€Å"right† track as other great poets have followed. This elitism is recurrent throughout in Walden, as he states the difference between great literature and the common reader later in this chapter. Thoreau contemplates that most people learn to read only for convenience and they are only satisfied with one great book, the Bible. He even ridicules the townspeople by comparing them to four years old children with a copy of Cinderella.It is possible that Thoreau purposely used the techniques in a planned way. If Thoreau had bluntly blamed the educated man in Concord from the beginning, his reader s, whom are mostly likely educated men from Concord or elsewhere, would have undoubtedly been offended. On the next sentence, Thoreau continues his assertion by introducing the theme of immortality through literature. Once again, he defies the work of great poets by stating that â€Å"we are mortal, †¦ but in dealing with truth, we are immortal. †(94, Thoreau) Thoreau implies that by writing or publishing great works, one can achieve immortality with his work.To further understand Thoreau’s concept on mortality, one must understand his background first. Walden was written in1845, three years after his beloved brother John, an amateur ornithologist. Suffering from his brother’s loss, Thoreau went to woods and started his career as a writer by writing Walden. Faced with the death of his brother, Thoreau probably needed to find an answer for mortality and Walden is his attempt to immortalize himself through writing. Continuing from mortality, Thoreau uses anot her metaphor, divinity. Thoreau mentions about Egyptian and Hindu philosophers and their divinity.It is interesting to see that Thoreau uses other religions, instead of using Christianity. It was written in mid-nineteenth century, and the traditional Christian beliefs were starting to crumble. Thoreau, coming from New England where Puritan religion is prevalent, would of course be familiar with Christianity and Bible. Other evidences in this paragraph also suggest that Thoreau was affected by this. As I mentioned on the last paragraph, Thoreau mentions about immortality and afterlife, which cannot be achieved in Christianity.Another example is the use of word â€Å"veil† in this paragraph. Throeau states â€Å"still the trembling robe remains raised, and I gaze upon as fresh a glory as he did. †(94, Thoreau) When people first think of Veil in religion, most people would think of Muslim women wearing hijabs, but considering that this was written in mid-nineteenth centur y, Thoreau probably was not considering Muslim. In fact, covering the hair is also religious commandment for Christian Women and it was meant to shield women’s hair from eyes of sinful men.Human beings can only perceive the divine through their senses in Christianity belief, while Thoreau, as a transcendentalist, suggests a more spiritual way to connect with divine by reading great literature. Thoreau then concludes this paragraph with a resemblance statement of great literature’s immortality. He says â€Å"That time which we really improve, or which is improvable, is neither past, present, nor future. †(94,Thoreau) Again he mentions immortality of the great literature and he is stating that these works are the â€Å"truth. Thoreau does not contemplate townspeople in this paragraph as much as the rest of chapter. Instead he focuses praising the great poets and even defies their work. This is part of his effort to convince readers his argument before he can crit icize other townspeople. By doing this, he wishes for townspeople to become more educated. He wishes that Concord spend money on arts and education as patrons in European nobles, but only finds that townspeople are spending money on farming and trade. By using dichotomy between townspeople and the great poets, he successfully distinguishes himself from townspeople.Then by using metaphors and comparison with Christianity, Thoreau asserts his opinion on education and tells his thoughts on finding the â€Å"truth. † By boldly putting himself to the same position as the other great poets, Thoreau successfully shows his strong will on reforming education. Yet, he risks his essay for elitism by simply stating that townspeople don’t care much about the literature and thus must be not interested in finding the truth. ? Work cited. 1. Henry David Thoreau, Walden. New York: The Modern Library, 1992. Print. 2. Walden Pond state Reservation

Nushu, a Woman-Only Language of China

Nushu or Nu Shu means, literally, â€Å"woman’s writing† in Chinese.   The script was developed by peasant women in Hunan Province, China, and used in Jiangyong county, but probably also in nearby Daoxian and Jianghua counties.   It nearly became extinct before its very recent discovery.   The oldest items are from the very early 20th century, though the language is assumed to have much older roots. The script was often used in embroidery, calligraphy and handicrafts created by women.   It is found written on paper (including letters, written poetry and on objects such as fans) and embroidered on fabric (including on quilts, aprons, scarves, handkerchiefs).   Objects were often buried with women or were burned. While sometimes characterized as a language, it might better be considered a script, as the underlying language was the same local dialect used also by the men in the area, and usually by the men written in Hanzi characters. Nushu, like other Chinese characters, is written in columns, with characters running from top to bottom in each column and columns written from the right to the left.   Chinese researchers count between 1000 and 1500 characters in the script, including variants for the same pronunciation and function; Orie Endo (below) has concluded that there are about 550 distinct characters in the script.   Chinese characters are usually ideograms (representing ideas or words); Nushu characters are mostly phonograms (representing sounds) with some ideograms.   Four types of strokes make u the characters: dots, horizontals, verticals and arcs. According to Chinese sources, Gog Zhebing, a teacher in South Central China, and linguistics professor Yan Xuejiong, discovered calligraphy used in the Jiangyong prefecture.   In another version of the discovery, an old man, Zhou Shuoyi, brought it to attention, preserving a poem from ten generations back in his family and beginning to study the writing in the 1950s.   The Cultural Revolution, he said, interrupted his studies, and his 1982 book brought it to the attention of others. The script was well known locally as â€Å"woman’s writing† or nà ¼shu  but it had not before come to the attention of linguists, or at least of academia. At that time, about a dozen women survived who understood and could write Nushu. Japanese professor Orie Endo of Bunkyo University in Japan has been studying Nushu since the 1990s. She was first exposed to the existence of the language by a Japanese linguistics researcher, Toshiyuki Obata, and then learned more in China at Beijing University from Professor Prof. Zhao Li-ming.   Zhao and Endo traveled to Jiang Yong and interviewed elderly women to find people who could read and write the language. Orie Endo: 1999 research report (English): Endangered System of Women’s Writing from Hunan China (presented at the Association of Asian Studies Conference, March, 1999.Orie Endo: Nushu in 2011, including information on a Japanese-made documentary â€Å"The Chinese Women’s Script for Writing Sorrow.† The area where it has been used is one where the Han people and the Yao people have lived and intermixed, including intermarriage and mixing of cultures.   It was also an area, historically, of good climate and successful agriculture. The culture in the area was, like most of China, male-dominated for centuries, and women were not permitted an education.   There was a tradition of â€Å"sworn sisters,† women who were not biologically related but who committed to friendship.   In traditional Chinese marriage, exogamy was practiced: a bride joined her husband’s family, and would have to move, sometimes far away, not seeing her birth family again or only rarely. The new brides were thus under the control of their husbands and mothers-in-law after they married.   Their names did not become part of genealogies. Many of the Nushu writings are poetic, written in a structured style, and were written about marriage, including about the sorrow of separation. Other writings are letters from women to women, as they found, through this female-only script, a way to keep in communication with their female friends.   Most express feelings and many are about sorrow and misfortune. Because it was secret, with no references to it found in documents or genealogies, and many of the writings buried with the women who possessed the writings, it’s not authoritatively known when the script began.   Some scholars in China accept the script not as a separate language but as a variant on Hanzi characters. Others believe it may have been a remnant of a now-lost script of eastern China. Nushu declined in the 1920s when reformers and revolutionaries began to expand education to include women and to raise women’s status. While some of the older women attempted to teach the script to their daughters and granddaughters, most did not consider it valuable and did not learn.   Thus, fewer and fewer women could preserve the custom. The Nà ¼shu Culture Research Center in China was created to document and study Nushu and the culture around it, and to publicize its existence.   A dictionary of 1,800 characters including variants was created by Zhuo Shuoyi in 2003; it also includes notes on grammar.   At least 100 manuscripts are known outside of China. An exhibition in China that opened in April, 2004, focused on Nushu. †¢Ã‚  China to reveal female-specific language to public - Peoples Daily, English Edition